Stanley Needleman Collection, 2

C-130 rutting in snow-soil surface.

C-130 aircraft parked at Polaris Promontory, ready to pack and evacuate camp

C-130 ruts after test landing. Ruts are at a minimum. Polaris Promontory

C-130 aircraft after test-landing personnel and equipment to evacuate site

Rutting on airstrip after C-130 test-landing on site at Polaris Promontory.

C-130 aircraft landing personnel and equipment after test completed

Personnel of Centrum Lake Expedition leaving Thule AFB by ski aircraft.

C-54 aircraft flies overhead as a rescue aircraft while C-130 aircraft lands

Unloading C-130 aircraft at Centrum Lake on snow. Vehicles plus equipment

C-130 ski-aircraft landing on snow covered Centrum Lake.

Unloading of supplies and equipment on the snow-ice surface of Centrum Lake

Unloading U.S. Army Weasel from C-130 aircraft on Centrum Lake.

Installing radio antenna, Centrum Lake Survey Station, Point B-S looking east

Path from center of Centrum Lake to base camp on shore

Dan Krinsley U.S.G.S., checks thermocouple prior to ground installation

Mounting thermistor recording station on empty 55 gallon drums.

Burning of garbage and outhouse refuse at Centrum Lake in snow and frozen ground

Installing thermistor cable in Centrum Lake. Cable winding and instrumen

Installing thermistor cable into Centrum Lake. Cable is mounted on 55 gal. drums

Drop sounding through ice of Centrum Lake by Dan Krinsley, U.S.G.S.

Weasel and trailer loaded for base station to conduct tests on Centrum Lake

Filling portable heaters with fuel for temperature measuring. Prevent freezing

Dan Krinsley reading thermistor cable meter and measurements

Installing thermistor cable recording station in Centrum Lake, from raft on ice

Dan Krinsley crossing moat of Centrum Lake, wearing exposure suit

Exploring moat at Centrum Lake.

Exploring moat at Centrum Lake.

Thermistor station is mounted in pneumatic life raft at Centrum Lake.

Dan Krinsley, U.S.G.S., indicating needle ice at Centrum Lake during thaw

Musk ox room in Jamesway tent at camp, Centrum Lake. Needleman and Blackmon

Operation Groundhog, U.S. Geological Survey, checking initial thaw portions

10 man field party at Centrum Lake.

US Army Lead Dog Expedition on top of Greenland Ice Cap. Travel by trailers

Moat commencing to grow at Centrum Lake as thaw of spring begins.

Snow road from Centrum Lake to base camp. Snow is thawing in June.

Dan Krinsley, U.S. Geological Survey, in moat developing at Centrum Lake

Surveying party also measures temperatures at each station on Centrum Lake.

Dan Krinsley observing development and thawing rate of moat at Centrum Lake

Lecture in trailer by Count Eigil Knuth, Greenland archeology, Esk. history

Weasel Vehicle Group arrives at Centrum Lake base from ice cap expedition

Count Eigil Knuth performing archaeological fieldwork on Eskimo [Inuit] tent rings

Count Eigil Knuth performing archaeological fieldwork on Eskimo [Inuit] tent rings

Count Eigil Knuth doing archaeological studies, Centrum Lake. Eskimo [Inuit] tent rings

Close up view of Count Knuth investigating Eskimo [Inuit] tent ring at Centrum Lake

Resupply of base camp at Centrum Lake by parachute air drops

Dan Krinsley of U.S. Geological Survey and ? inspect cairn on Cape George Cohn

Dan Krinsley of U.S. Geological Survey and ? inspect cairn on Cape George Cohn.

Operation Groundhog, 60B under Bill Davies and Dan Krinsley, leaving

Dobbelsodal Lake [Dobbeltsoen] at Cape Morris Jesup, looking north.

Cape Morris Jesup, most northern land in the world. View of delta from cairn

W.E. Davies, U.S.G.S. measuring terraces at Kaffeklub Island, Constable Bay

Map of Centrum Lake, Northeast Greenland.

View of para-igloo [iglu] tent, housing 4 persons plus equipment.

Krinsley and 'copter pilot erecting para-igloo tent in snow by Arctic Ocean.

Canadian C-119 aircraft made safe emergency landing on Centrum Lake

Canadian C-119 aircraft made emergency landing on Centrum Lake

Canadian C-119 aircraft landed safely in emergecy landing at Centrum strip

Celebrating July 4 holiday at Centrum Lake Base Camp.

Access road to Greenland Ice Cap from Etah Eskimo [Inughuit] village.

Front ski of C-130 aircraft used in operation at Centrum Lake.

Main ski of C-130 aircraft used in operation at Centrum Lake.

Installating plastic markers to measure ice thickness and loss of ice in thaw

Hauling equipment from aircraft in snow on Lake over snow compacted road

Aerial view of Danmarks Fjord.

Bronlunds Fjord, Cape Harald Moltke.

Thule Air Force Base, view east.

Plaque mounted on Polaris Promontory in honor of Capt. C.F. Hall, Captain of the

Stanley Needleman discusses operations with Capt. W. Reinhardt, of U.S.S. Atka

Tests on icebreaker, launching special balloons and measuring ozone layer

Balloon filled with helium to measure ozone layer by telemetering data to record

Captain of U.S.S. Atka observes launch of balloon to measure ozone layer

U.S.S. Atka anchored at edge of pack ice near Thule AFB.

ONR balloon launched from U.S.S. Atka with radio sound equipment

View north. Ice cap in background.

View north. Graeselv River.

View north. Graeselv River.

Edge of Greenland Ice Cap to locate access route down from the Ice Cap

Access route in Northeast Greenland to ice cap and down to Centrum Lake.

Greenland Ice Cap with access route in Northeast Greenland.

Tracked weasel transporting personnel and equipment through water and moat

Surface drainage into Lake aids in developing moat at outlet of Saefaxi

Dan Krinsley landing at ice cap base near Graeselvev River

Dan Krinsley reading meter to determine temperatures at varying depths

U.S. Army Sergeant, meteorological aide, in off duty pose in Jamesway Hut

Field party under Krinsley checks extent of moat at Centrum Lake

Coring the snow-ice cover of the lake (Lake Peters)

Aerial view of Independence Fjord.

Eskimo [Inughuit] sod hut. Sgt. D. Craven, U.S.A.F. standing by

Cape Harald Moltke, Bronlunds Fjord, aerial view, northwest.

North of Thule AFB, open water leads in ice while on board icebreaker.

Icebergs floating in Polaris Bay.

US Navy helicopter from USS Atka airlifting jeep trailer over Polaris Promontory

Soil test pits, airfield penetrometer on airstrip at Bronlunds Fjord.

Independence Fjord. Icebergs and floes mean fjord not open to traffic.

Icebergs from deck of icebreaker flight deck, U.S.S. Atka, enroute to Thule

Exploring and surveying Polaris Promontory. Needleman, Klick, Davies

View from icebreaker U.S.S. Atka. Ice thickness: 6-8 feet

Leaving base camp at Polaris Promontory to perform soil tests. Stanley Needleman

Marking runway orientation for surveying. Lt. Col. Wilson and Stanley Needleman.

Eskimos [Inuit] from Ellesmere Island, NWT, on icebreaker U.S.S. Atka

Test pitting on Polaris Promontory.

U.S. Navy helicopter from U.S.S. Atka, off-loading equipment and supplies

Photographing airstrip orientations. Personnel: Davies.

Collecting soil samples from drilling and test pitting, Polaris Promontory

Polaris Bay. U.S.S. Atka is anchored in the bay. Icebergs are floating

Plaque for Capt. C.F. Hall, with his grave and parts of an old boat. Polaris Bay

Grave and marker of Capt. C.F. Hall on shore of Polaris Promontory

Icebreaker U.S.S. Atka anchored in Polaris Bay amidst icebergs.

View of base camp and radio antenna at Polaris Promontory.

Aerial view of dozing/levelling of airstrip surface by jeep with plow blade.

Jeep stuck in thawed permafrost zone near Polaris Bay, Polaris Promontory.

Repairing jeep disabled from fine dust in engine. Helicopter beyond

Jeep dozing of airstrip, Polaris Promontory.

Profile of soil in the airstrip areas, Polaris Promontory.

Count Eigil Knuth, archaeologist from Denmark, discussing cache sites

Close up view of soil polygons of surface of airstrip, Polaris Promontory.

Base camp of Polaris Promontory. Tents are weighted down for safety

Close up view of harder surface, airstrip area, Polaris Promontory.

Alternate runway orientation, Polaris Promontory.

Mountains in southern Polaris Promontory. Average 3,000 ft. ASL

Size perspective of airstrip. 5000 feet in length plus overrun areas.

Surveying by theodolite at Polaris Promontory and tying into BBC Greenwich time

Lowering jeep and equipment into landing barge from U.S.S. Atka

Digging out jeep from soft permafrost. Lt. Col. Wilson and Capt. Klick

Needleman discusses reconnaissance trip by helicopter with Captain Reinhardt

Reconnaissance by U.S.S. Atka helicopter discovered old boat frame

Inside a soil test pit in the center of the airstrip at Polaris Promontory

Rock hazard near Polaris Bay.

Wheel ruts on runway surface.

Aerial view of river near base camp that provided drinking water. Note tents

Jeep dozing airstrip surface, Polaris Promontory. Note aridity of the soil.

Navy helicopter from U.S.S. Atka parked near mountains and small ice caps

Icebergs in Polaris Bay, melting out.

Jeep stuck in thawed permafrost. Polaris Bay in upper left. Lt. Col. Wilson

Lt. Col. Wilson reads grave marker of Capt. C.F. Hall, of the POLARIS

Davies and helicopter pilot examine cairn left on Polaris Bay shore.

Davies and Lt. Col. Wilson examine contents of and leave note in cairn

Kitchen and supply tent at Polaris Base Camp. Note tent weights

Aerial view of Capt. C.F. Hall's grave marker plus the cairn on shore of Bay

Expedition Operation Groundhog and Canadian Expedition Hazen crews

William E. Davies, Geologist-Civil Engineer, U.S. Geological Society

Elllesmere Island Eskimos [Inuit] aboard the U.S.S. Atka to be checked by doctor.

Jeep battery being recharged at base camp.

Eskimos [Inuit] from Ellesmere Island being checked by ship doctor of U.S.S. Atka.

Eskimos [Inuit] from Ellesmere Island being checked by ship's doctor of U.S.S. Atka.

Eskimos [Inuit] from Ellesmere Island being checked by ship's doctor of U.S.S. Atka.

Eskimos [Inuit] from Ellesmere Island being checked by ship's doctor of U.S.S. Atka.

C-130 test landing on snow-covered airstrip.

Aerial view of airstrip at Bronlunds Fjord. Tents on airstrip area.

C-130 aircraft approaching airstrip for landing at Polaris Promontory.

Field soil engineering tests, using jeep for loading.

Soils test engineering, airstrip, Polaris Promontory. Bearing strength rechecks.

Transportation system includes tractor hauling disabled jeep with trailer

Tractor used to prepare airstrip surface at Polaris Promontory.

Soils engineering conducted on airstrip while grading is done by tractor

View north of camp, River Saefaxi draining icecap.

Musk ox skeleton head hanging on U.S. Army vehicle

Jaeger birds diving for food at base camp, Centrum Lake.

Airstrip on raised delta at Centrum Lake.

View of logistics vehicles at base camp, 2 U.S. Army helicopters, large tracked

Soil tests at Polaris Promontory. Personnel: Capt. Klick.

Soil compaction by tamping of surface by sledge hammer at Polaris Promontory.

Surveying of airstrip, Polaris Promontory, Personnel: Davies, Norvang.

Bronlunds Fjord marked natural surface airstrip site.

Aerial view, west. Polaris airstrip upper right.

C-130 U.S. Air Force aircraft parked on Polaris airstrip, Polaris Promontory.

C-130 rutting on snow-soil airstrip while taxiing on Polaris Promontory.

Soil surface airstrip on Polaris Promontory.

Bearing strength tests of Polaris Promontory airstrip. Flags are located each 20

Loading equipment aboard C-130 test aircraft to terminate operations at Polaris

Tractor hauling personnel from parking area to base camp at Polaris Promontory

Lt. Col. Murray Wiener, USAF, an Arctic Survival Advisor

C-130 aircraft after landing on airstrip at Centrum Lake.

C-130 landing on dry surface airstrip at Centrum Lake. Wheel rutting visible.

Test landing at airstrip, natural surface of raised delta. C-130 aircraft parked

Personnel cleaning airstrip of loose rocks. Lt. Col. Wiener, Dr. Anker Weidick,

Carrying equipment for stakes in surveying. Davies, Norvang, Danish Government,

Aerial view of airstrip at Polaris Promontory. View north, Newman Bay beyond

Aerial view of airstrip plus base camp at Polaris Promontory.

Surveying by theodolite on Polaris Promontory. C.F. Davies and Capt. Klick

Top of the world map showing regions and sites explored by USAF

Needleman and Capt. Reinhardt, U.S.S. Atka, discuss plans on deck